Showing posts with label review. Show all posts
Showing posts with label review. Show all posts

09 September 2025

Review - La scherma: Trattato di fioretto, sciabola e spada by Domenico Conte

Since the majority of my readership is located outside of Italy, I feel it is necessary to amplify a recent and significant publication from the Accademia Nazionale di Scherma in Naples. The work in question, titled La scherma: Trattato di fioretto, sciabola e spada, is the first publication of manuscript fencing treatise written by Domenico Conte, a well-regarded fencing master active in the middle of the 20th century. The manuscript was discovered at an antique fair and edited for publication by Bernardo Leonardi, the current vice-president of the Accademia Nazionale di Scherma. Based on annotations throughout the manuscript, Leonardi places the compilation of this manuscript between 1950 and 1958. While I have good reason to suspect that at least some parts of the manuscript should be dated much later than this, the work is nevertheless extremely valuable for understanding the development of Italian fencing theory during a period in which relatively few fencing treatises were being published in Italy.

The book's introductory material provides welcome background on the both the author and the material, beginning with a preface by Pasquale La Ragione, president of the Accademia Nazionale di Scherma and a star pupil of Conte himself. Readers are treated to a very personal appreciation of the master and his teaching methodology, giving greater context to the material that follows. This is complemented with a short technical appreciation of Conte's work by Emilio Basile, the teaching vice president at the Accademia Nazionale, who considers the treatise as a continuation and respectfully modern development of the Neapolitan school. Finally, in two short sections Leonardi provides a detailed physical description of the manuscript as well as a biographical summary on Conte's career, highlighting his many years of teaching at the Circolo Nautico Posillipo and the Accademia Nazionale in Naples, among others places.

The fencing treatise itself, which comprises the rest of the book, is 228 pages long, 105 of those pages devoted to foil, 63 to sabre, and 60 to épée. The foil material is broadly based on the foundations laid out by Masaniello Parise. This is unsurprising, given that Conte was a graduate of the Military Fencing Master's School during its reopening in the 1920s and early 1930s, at which time it was still using Parise's treatise as the reference text for foil. While Conte follows Parise in assuming the use of a traditional Italian grip foil, it cannot be said that Conte's theory was stuck in the 19th century. He introduces many necessary modernisations (such as the fleche) and gives sound tactical advice useful for both coaches and competitors, emphasising that the former must adapt their lessons to each student's individual style and temperament.

Of particular relevance to this blog is Conte's sabre style, which is unmistakably Radaellian in foundation. In it we find the familiar six elbow-centric exercise molinelli, with slight torso movement accompanying the swing, as well as four preliminary exercises equivalent to Pecoraro and Pessina's 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and diagonal exercises. From a guard position with an extended arm, direct cuts are performed with a slight preparatory bending of the arm prior to execution of the cut (similar to Masiello and Barbasetti), which is very rare in treatises written this late in the 20th century. Conte shows himself to be a firm supporter of what was by then considered quintessentially Italian sabre fencing.

Conte's épée method also shows some conservative tendencies, choosing to only describe the Greco-style Italian model épée, which had fallen out of favour among Italy's top épéeists by the 1950s. In keeping with this style of grip, Conte advocates an in-line method somewhat resembling that favoured by Agesilao Greco.1

As I alluded to at the beginning, in addition to bringing this work to the attention of my readers, I also wish to highlight some evidence in the text which to me strongly call into question the 1950s dating proposed by Leonardi. This evidence is the fact that there are many instances throughout Conte's text which show an unmistakable resemblance to the foil and sabre treatises compiled by Giorgio Pessina and Ugo Pignotti, which were respectively published in 1969 and 1972.2 Here are two side-by-side comparisons of their respective foil texts:

Pessina & Pignotti (1969) Conte
Lo sviluppo delle singole azioni di offesa è direttamente subordinato all'atteggiamento nel quale viene a trovarsi l'avversario al momento iniziale dell'azione stessa, dato che questa deve adattarsi alle condizioni che offre la posizione dell'arma avversa per avere libertà e possibilità di attuazione. (p. 19) Lo sviluppo delle singole azioni di offesa è direttamente subordinato all'atteggiamento nel quale viene a trovarsi l'avversario al momento iniziale dell'azione stessa, poiché questa deve adattarsi alle condizioni che offre l'arma avversa per avere libertà e possibilità di sviluppare determinate azioni di offesa, l'atteggiamento viene definito "invito". (p. 39)
Come la botta dritta è il colpo fondamentale di offesa è applicabile in contrapposizione agli inviti, così la cavazione è il colpo fondamentale di offesa applicabile in contrapposizione ai legamenti e si esegue anch'essa in un solo tempo, come è spiegato qui appresso. Sempre a misura di allungo, con movimento articolare delle dita lievemente sussidiate dal polso, si libera la propria lama dal legamento avversario, facendo descrivere alla punta una spirale allungata in seguito alla progressiva distensione del braccio per risolversi sulla linea del bersaglio scoperto, riducendo al minimo possibile il restante tratto rettilineo nell'esecuzione dell'affondo, evitando la discontinuità del movimento. (p. 30) Come la botta dritta è il colpo fondamentale di offesa applicabile in opposto agli inviti, così la cavazione è il colpo fondamentale di offesa applicabile in opposto ai legamenti. Si esegue ugualmente in un sol tempo, incorporando in sé il colpo dritto. Dalla posizione di guardia, a giusta misura, con movimento articolare delle dita, appena sussidiate dal polso, si svincolerà la propria lama dallo stato di possesso esercitato dal legamento avversario, girando il pugno di quarta o seconda posizione, secondo il bisogno, in modo che la punta del fioretto descrive una spirale allungata, per risolversi in breve tratto rettilineo al bersaglio scoperto, ove si vibrerà il colpo proseguendo diritto. (p. 42)


And here are two examples from the sabre texts:

Pessina & Pignotti (1972) Conte
Pur non essendo state ancora trattate le caratteristiche delle singole posizioni con la sciabola, tuttavia riteniamo opportuno anticipare che la guardia di terza — ormai d’uso comune fra gli sciabolatori di ogni Paese — è da preferirsi alle altre, non solo perché offre alcune garanzie per il braccio che rappresenta il bersaglio più avanzato ... (p. 20) Pur non avendo ancora trattato particolarmente le caratteristiche delle singole posizioni con la sciabola, diremo subito che la guardia di 3a od di 2a sembra doversi preferire alle altre, anche esse possibili, offrendo alcune garanzie per il braccio che nella scherma di sciabola è il bersaglio più avanzato. (p. 137)
Indi si passerà ad alternare questi vari esercizi fra loro per acquisire quel senso di equilibrata prontezza con la quale l'arma deve essere portata, senza scosse, in tutte le direzioni ove e quando occorra. Infine, si passerà a modificare l'ampiezza e la velocità dei movimenti sia nella singola esecuzione che in quella ripetuta e combinata, procedendo da un massimo ad un minimo e inversamente.
Tali modificazioni, per le quali è richiesta una graduale stretta della mano sull'impugnatura dell'arma, sviluppano quel senso di sicurezza nel portamento del ferro che permette allo sciabolatore di padroneggiare ogni movimento offensivo o difensivo, e di ridurre il movimento stesso allo stretto necessario. (p. 34)
Proseguendo ancora, gli stessi esercizi si alternano fra loro per acquistare quel senso di equilibrata prontezza con la quale l’arma deve essere portata in tutte le direzioni, ove e quando occorra. Infine, è assai utile modificare l'ampiezza e la velocità dei movimenti, sia nella esecuzione singola, sia in quella ripetuta o combinata, procedendo da un massimo ad un minimo e inversamente.
Dette modificazioni richiedono la graduale stretta della mano alla impugnatura e sviluppano quel senso di sicurezza che permette allo schermitore di padroneggiare ogni suo movimento offensivo o difensivo, sicché esso non vada oltre il bisogno. (p. 138)

Besides the above-demonstrated textual comparisons with Pessina and Pignotti's works, there is also an unmistakable similarity in the progression of the material. The clearest example of this are chapters 2 and 3 of Conte's sabre section, which are almost identical in progression to Pessina/Pignotti. The main distinction that can be made between the two is that Conte is more likely to break the material down in to more sections than Pessina/Pignotti.

Needless to say, the most likely reason for all these similarities is that Conte borrowed directly from Pessina and Pignotti's works. Yet there may also a possibility that all three authors had access to and borrowed from the same pre-existing reference material. One good candidate for such material is hinted at in one of Conte's annotations cited in Leonardi's preface, where Conte refers to the 'writings of M° S[alvatore] Angelillo recovered from the files of the Magistrale of Rome'.3 An intriguing lead for future research, perhaps. As for Conte's épée material, my familiarity with épée treatises in general is admittedly rather poor, so any confident declarations about the originality of this material will also need to wait for future analysis, hopefully by someone far more competent than myself.

Regardless of the questionable dating and originality of Conte's work, the publication of his manuscript is a welcome addition to the Italian fencing corpus, and I congratulate both Bernardo Leonardi and the Accademia Nazionale di Scherma for their laudable work in preserving and promoting this exciting piece of Italian fencing history.


*******

1 Agesilao Greco, La spada e la sua disciplina d'arte (Rome:  G. U. Nalato, 1912); La spada nella sua realtà (Rome: Casa Editrice Pinciana, 1930).
2 Giorgio Pessina & Ugo Pignotti, Il fioretto (Rome: Scuola Centrale dello Sport, [1969]); La sciabola (Rome: Scuola Centrale dello Sport, [1972]).
3 See p. 17

10 December 2022

Review - Luigi Barbasetti: Il più celebre maestro di scherma del mondo by Fabrizio Orsini

Readers of this blog are likely well aware that Luigi Barbasetti is often considered one of the most influential figures in both Radaellian fencing and modern fencing in general. Fabrizio Orsini begins with a similar premise in his recent book Luigi Barbasetti: Il più celebre maestro di scherma del mondo, published by the Accademia Nazionale di Scherma in Naples. This is Orsini's second contribution in what is hoped to be a series of biographical books on significant Italian fencing figures, his first being a biography on the Neapolitan Masaniello Parise published last year.

After giving a brief cultural and architectural tour of late 19th-century Vienna, the site of Barbasetti's most prominent achievements, the book then follows a typical chronological structure, beginning with a discussion of Barbasetti's likely birthplace (Udine or Cividale?) and providing some insight into his younger years, for which Orsini has made good use of state archives. Orsini's talent of setting a visual scene and providing socio-political context for the locales of Barbasetti's career continue throughout the book. Unfortunately, its usefulness as a work of history is limited because these commendable writing gifts are often overshadowed by sparse use of citations and unnecessary speculation.

A particularly unfortunate and glaring instance of such speculation is the frankly absurd theory that there were Savoyard plots to both manipulate the Italian populace through state-funded sporting education and to use Italian fencing masters as diplomatic and intelligence agents deployed throughout the rest of Europe. It is on this theory that Orsini centres his hypothesis as to why Barbasetti and many other Italian masters eventually left Italy and established themselves in prominent positions abroad (pp. 29–30, 39, 89). No proof is provided for these claims—Orsini himself admits that he has none—and the far more obvious and likely cause for this phenomenon of poor pay and job satisfaction is not brought up at all.

It was no secret at the time that most military fencing masters were dissatisfied with their working conditions, being underpaid and underappreciated compared to others with similar roles and levels of training in the army.1 The military master's rank of non-commissioned officer meant that they had little authority over their students in the regiment, many of whom were officers, and their salary quickly stagnated unless they were able to obtain one of the few and highly-coveted 'civil master' positions, which came with better working conditions and, perhaps most importantly, better pay.2 In 1889 a regular military master teaching at the Rome Master's School such as Barbasetti would have a total annual income of around 1,400 lire, while a civil master at said school such as Carlo Pessina (who graduated from Radaelli's school around the same time as Barbasetti) was earning around 3,200 lire per year.3

What made it so difficult to obtain such a promotion was that a military master could only apply for it twice, and if they were unsuccessful in both instances they were unable to ever apply again. Barbasetti is known to have applied for this promotion in October 1892, but ended up in 5th place overall, with three of the four available promotions going to younger and less experienced masters than Barbasetti.4 Given that Barbasetti had been teaching in the military since 1881, it is likely that this was his second and final chance to achieve such a promotion. Two months later, he had left the army and accepted an offer to direct the Trieste Fencing Society. This phenomenon of military fencing masters leaving Italy was already known about at this point, with an article from August 1892 putting the matter much more succinctly: 'One asks, why do they go? and the answer is simple [sic]. Because the position of non-commissioned officer is incompatible with that of a fencing master. And soon who knows how many more will leave.'5 Of the 69 people promoted to civil master between the years 1876 and 1910, only two of these masters would leave Italy to teach abroad.6

Although the specific facts and figures provided here require some original research, the basic facts surrounding military fencing masters and the logical conclusions which emerge (although far less dramatic than a secret government plot) are plain to see when consulting primary sources for this period. This is particularly evident from Italian sporting magazines, several of which Barbasetti submitted articles to. Perhaps the most notable of all these was the short-lived Rivista Sportiva of Trieste, which at the end of 1893 began including a large section on fencing for which Barbasetti was the editor until the magazine's final issue in May 1894. Perhaps Orsini was not aware of any of these articles by Barbasetti, as none are cited in the book; in any case, this instance appears to be the product of over-reliance on secondary sources for understanding the sporting context of Barbasetti's most formative and outspoken years in Italy.

The absence of discussion on these other writings of Barbasetti also highlights the lack of critical discussion regarding Barbasetti's own motivations. Orsini quickly takes for granted that once Barbasetti left the Master's School and the army he became a firm opponent of said school and its leadership—but why was this the case? After over ten years of military service, six of those (in theory) spent teaching Parise's method at Parise's school, why had he seemingly all of a sudden become so disillusioned with his employer and his role? Why did he not remain in Italy and teach in somewhere like Palermo, a place he speaks so fondly about in subsequent years? Such questions would give real insight into the personal development of Luigi Barbasetti, but unfortunately this book does not ask them.

Even when Orsini does engage with primary sources, in many cases it is in a frustratingly superficial manner, showing a lack of understanding of both the specific context of Radaelli's system and the sporting environment it existed in. His multiple assertions that Radaelli's sabre method had the duel as its primary intended application (pp. 39–42) fly in the face of all the primary evidence from this period, particularly the explicit cavalry-focused aims laid out in Settimo Del Frate's 1868 book on Radaelli's system.7 Orsini also claims that, unlike Parise and Barbasetti, the original Radaellian method gave little importance to footwork and instead emphasised body leaning as the primary means of distance management, thus avoiding the need for footwork 'especially because they lived in an era in which rubber had not yet been invented' (p. 41), again with no supporting evidence. This presumptiveness continues with his analyses of works by the book's main subject, where he mistakenly identifies the positions Barbasetti depicts in his foil treatise for performing a parry-riposte in the lunge as instead being a 'totally innovative' method of parrying in the act of lunging (pp. 89, 105, 161).

As for general sporting context, Orsini states that they supposedly practised 'spada da terreno' at Radaelli's school, and that Radaellian sabre fencing 'did not take convention into account like for the foil' (p. 84), despite rules for assigning fault in the case of double touches being found in almost every Radaellian sabre treatise as well as tournament regulations starting in the 1870s.8 While at other times Orsini is willing to admit that little is known (at least by him personally) about certain persons of interest or events, these aforementioned false assertions are simply unnecessary, and merely serve to undermine any attempt at providing a solid context for Barbasetti's career.

While the previous examples of deficiencies in this book might be brushed off as honest mistakes or the result of a desire to give only a general overview of Barbasetti's life as opposed to a rigorous, scholarly one, Orsini's continuous attempts to paint Masaniello Parise in the most positive light possible seem more calculated. In addition to Orsini's biography on Parise released last year,9 in which he lauds Parise heavily, throughout his biography of Barbasetti, Orsini appears to almost compulsively give Parise credit for the majority of Italian fencing's achievements post-1884, parroting period propaganda about Parise's system being the true 'Italian school'; ascribing Barbasetti's advocacy of the second intention as being 'obviously' something he had learnt at the Rome Master's School (p. 64); accusing Barbasetti's foil treatise of being largely derivative of Parise's by posing the not-so-subtle question 'was it perhaps plagiarism, although not totally?' (p. 89); or believing the main reason why Parise's sabre system was so heavily criticised (and then replaced at the Master's School after his death) was due to a personal vendetta by people such as Salvatore Pecoraro and Carlo Pessina (p. 160).

Throughout the biography, Orsini shows a determination to find hidden (and often speculative) narratives within each story he comes across rather than engage critically with the evidence at hand. Orsini's knowledge of the political contexts in which Luigi Barbasetti's career took place is strong, and his passion for the material very evident. However, while the book provides a good overview of Barbasetti's career and a few original archival findings, the end result is let down by questionable speculation and a general lack of rigour, leaving the reader without much insight into Barbasetti as a human being. It is nevertheless encouraging to see growing scholarly engagement with the figures of this period, and I hope that Orsini's works will prove to be the first contributions to a wider conversation on the history of Italian fencing.

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1 To cite just a few articles from the period: Giuseppe Perez, 'I Maestri di Scherma nell'Esercito', Baiardo: periodico schermistico bimensile, 16 May 1891, 4; Ricasso, 'Il grado ai maestri di scherma militari', Rivista Illustrata Settimanale, 30 August 1891, 3–4; 'I maestri di scherma', Scherma Italiana, 15 December 1891, 181–2.
2 Note that despite the word 'civil' being used, the fencing master with this title was still employed by the military.
3 Jacopo Gelli, Brevi note sulla scherma di sciabola per la cavalleria (Florence: Tipografia di Luigi Niccolai, 1889), 9.
4 The examination rankings are mentioned in: Scherma Italiana, 27 October 1892, 70. The record of the four promotions may be found in the 1892 and 1893 volumes of the Ministry of War's Bollettino ufficiale delle Nnomine, promozioni e destinazioni negli ufficiali del R. Esercito Italiano e nel personale dell'amministrazione militare (Rome: Voghera Enrico).
5 Veritas, 'Istruttori di scherma militari', Baiardo: periodico schermistico bimensile, 20 August 1892, 51.
6 These being Edoardo Lupi-Bonora, who became the head fencing master at the cavalry school in St. Petersburg, and Agesilao Greco, who was sent to Argentina by the Italian Ministry of Foreign affairs to teach at their military fencing school before returning to Italy a few years later.
7 Settimo Del Frate, Istruzione per maneggio e scherma della sciabola (Florence: La Venezia, 1868), vii–xix.
8 Rules for assigning fault in doubles: Giordano Rossi, Manuale teorico-pratico per la scherma di spada e sciabola (Milan: Fratelli Dumolard, 1885), 134–6; Ferdinando Masiello, La scherma italiana di spada e di sciabola (Florence: G. Civelli, 1887), 577–8; Nicolò Bruno, Risorgimento della vera scherma di sciabola italiana basata sull'oscillazione del Pendolo (Novara: Tipografia Novarese, 1891), 231–3. Simplified conventions can be found in the regulations for the national fencing tournament in Turin, 1877: VII congresso ginnastico italiano: regolamenti e programmi (Turin: Stefano Marino, 1877), 20.
9 Fabrizio Orsini, Masaniello Parise: La vita e l'opera del più importante maestro di scherma del mondo (Naples: Accademia Nazionale di Scherma, 2021).